Keywords: high-speed maglev, Hyperloop, aerodynamics, choked flow, shock wave, critical condition, hysterisis.

Compared to conventional rail transit, Hyperloop trains are characterized by subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flow regimes, where abrupt transitions in the flow field induce severe fluctuations in aerodynamic loads. Although extensive research has been conducted to establish systematic flow field structures, critical aerodynamic effects—specifically shock waves and choked flow exhibit high sensitivity to vehicle geometry. These critical phenomena profoundly dictate the selection of top-level system specifications and the determination of operational safety parameters. Integrating findings from the authors' research group and the existing literature, this study provides a systematic review of flow field structures and their subsequent impacts on aerodynamic loads. Specifically, it elucidates the hysteresis effects inherent in flow field transitions during vehicle acceleration and deceleration phases. Furthermore, the paper characterizes the influence of one-dimensional, two- dimensional, and three-dimensional flows on critical aerodynamic phenomena, thereby offering essential theoretical support for the practical engineering implementation of Hyperloop systems.

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